Affiliated [pulp] supply Where the pulp producer and consumer are closely affiliated, usually by means of a shareholding and/or a long term supply contract. This pulp is defined as market pulp for statistical purposes, even if not freely available for sale on the market.

Air-dried pulp Pulp is described technically as air-dried when its moisture content is in equilibrium with the ambient atmosphere. Commercially, pulp is usually described as air-dried when the moisture content of the pulp is 10%, although this percentage may be altered by contractual agreements between the buyer and seller.

AOX Absorbable Organic Halogens. AOX defines the amount of organic chlorine compounds contained in effluent produced during the bleaching of pulp by the reaction of chlorine chemicals with the residual lignin in the wood fibre.

Art paper A generic term to describe coated woodfree printing and writing paper, and generally applied to grades at the top end of the quality spectrum.

ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations. ASEAN was formed in 1967 by five south-east Asian countries: Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines. Its primary purpose has been to foster economic co-operation and development within south-east Asia, although political and security issues have also been addressed. ASEAN members are committed to establishing the Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA), removing duties and restrictions on most trade between the member countries. The current members of ASEAN are: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Singapore, Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam. Link to ASEAN web site: http://www.asean.or.id

ADB Asian Development Bank The ADB is a multilateral development finance institution dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific. Established in 1966, the ADB is now owned by 59 member countries, of which 43 are from the Asian region. The other members are 15 West European countries plus the USA. Link to ADB web site: http://www.adb.org

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Bagasse pulp Pulp produced from the fibrous residue of sugarcane processing.

Bible paper A very thin grade of printing paper, used originally for printing bibles and prayer books. Also used for some other printing purposes, e.g. dictionaries. Also known as India paper.

BCP Bleached chemical pulp (includes bleached kraft pulp and all sulphite pulp, including unbleached sulphite) Also known as "white pulp".

BCTMP Bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp (Market BCTMP is produced mainly in Canada and New Zealand) See CTMP

BEKP Bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp (Market BEKP is produced mainly in Latin America and Iberia. Some is also produced in Norway and Thailand)

BHKP Bleached hardwood kraft pulp (all grades, including BEKP, birch, SMHW, NMHW)

Bitokoshi Bitoko/Bitokoshi is a grade of printing and writing paper unique to Japan. It is a very lightly coated paper, occupying a niche market between LWC and coated woodfree papers. The furnish includes both chemical and mechanical pulp in variable proportions, thus the Japan Paper Association (JPA) recognises both woodfree bitokoshi and mechanical bitokoshi depending on the proportion of mechanical pulp in the furnish.

Birch Bleached birch kraft pulp (Birch is the principal hardwood grade produced in the Nordic countries. Some is also produced in Canada, although for statistical purposes Canadian birch is categorized as northern mixed hardwood - NMHW)

BKP Bleached kraft pulp (includes all softwood and hardwood kraft pulp.)

BSKP Bleached softwood kraft pulp (all grades)

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Calendered paper Paper which has been given a smooth surface passing it through stacks of highly polished heated rollers (known as calenders). There are variations to the technology: for example in a supercalender some of the rollers are made from compressed fibre and in a soft calender the paper is passed between rollers made from steel and hard rubber.

Captive supply Where the producer and consumer are part of the same company or company group. If they are in different countries, the pulp will be defined as "market pulp" for statistical purposes, even though it is not sold freely on the market.

Carbonless paper or Carbonless copy paper (CCP) usually comprises two sheets of paper. The underside of the top sheet is printed with a colourless dye contained within tiny gelatine capsules and the bottom sheet is printed with a reactive agent which turns black when mixed with the colourless dye. When the top sheet of paper is written on, the gelatine capsules are broken, causing the writing to be reproduced on the bottom sheet. In some types of carbonless paper both the dye and the reactive agent are contained within a single sheet of paper. Carbonless paper is sometimes known as NCR paper, meaning "no carbon required", a term invented by National Cash Registers which originally owned the patent to the technology.

Cartridge paper Coated or uncoated printing and writing paper usually with a slightly rough surface. It is used in a variety of graphic end-uses, including envelopes, which require good dimensional stability, opacity and bulk. Cartridge paper gets its name from its original use which was to form the tube of a shotgun cartridge.

Cast coated paper or board Cast coated grades of paper and board have a very high gloss, almost mirror-like, finish. This is created by drying the freshly coated paper by contact with a highly polished chromium metal surface.

Cellulose The primary constituent of pulp. Chemically, cellulose is a long-chained carbohydrate consisting of repeating chains of a single simple sugar, glucose. See also hemi-cellulose.

Chemical pulp A generic term which describes pulp produced by chemical (as opposed to mechanical) processes. These chemical processes include the kraft (or sulphate) and sulphite processes.

Chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) A pulping process in which woodchips are chemically treated before they are heated and mechanically separated in a refiner. As such it is a development of the thermomechanical process. By altering the parameters of the process (chemical concentration, temperature etc.) it is possible to customise the pulp for particular end-uses. CTMP may be bleached, in which case it is known as BCTMP, a grade which competes with BHKP in certain printing and writing and cartonboard applications. Market CTMP/BCTMP is produced mainly in Canada and New Zealand

Coated paper and board Paper and board of which one or both sides have been coated with (or with a mixture of) kaolin, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, latex and/or other materials to improve the printing surface. See also CWF (coated wood free) and CWC (coated wood containing)

CWC Coated wood-containing (i.e. mechanical) printing and writing paper, for example light-weight coated paper (LWC)

CSWO Cold set web offset. A method of printing, on the web, in which the ink dries by penetration of an absorbent paper or board. See also HSWO , heat set web offset

Copier paper A grade of cut-size paper, usually uncoated woodfree, for use in photocopy machines or computer printers. The paper may be glazed or unglazed. Also known as PPC, plain paper copier

CWF Coated woodfree printing and writing paper

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De-inking The removal of ink from wastepaper by flotation and/or washing prior to recycling.

DIP De-inked pulp. Pulp produced from de-inked wastepaper. Most DIP is used in integrated paper mills, but some is sold on the market, in which case it is usually dried.

DP Dissolving pulp. A highly purified chemical pulp used mainly in the production of chemical derivatives of cellulose. A major end-use is rayon fibre.

Double coated Grades of paper and board which have been coated twice on one or both sides.

Duplex paper and board Grades of paper and board made from two separate webs (with, for example, different furnish or colour characteristics) combined together while still damp, without using adhesives

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Fine paper See woodfree paper

Fluff pulp A grade of pulp treated to give high levels of absorbency and which is used in the manufacture of nappies (diapers), feminine hygiene products and adult incontinence products.

Free market supply Where the producer and consumer of the pulp are unconnected by any sort of affiliation.

Free sheet See woodfree paper

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GSM Grammes (grams) per square metre, or g/m2. A measure of the basis weight of paper and board, or its grammage.

Graphic paper Any paper used for graphic end-uses, a definition which includes newsprint and printing & writing paper.

Groundwood A mechanical pulping process which involves the shredding of logs against an abrasive stone (hence stone groundwood).

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Hemi-cellulose One of the three main constituents of wood, along with cellulose and lignin. Hemi-cellulose are short-chain carbohydrates, built up from five different types of sugar. See also cellulose.

High-yield pulp See mechanical pulp.

HSWO Heat set web offset. A form of printing, on the web, in which the ink is dried by the application of heat. See also CSWO , cold set web offset.

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Integrated mill A pulp and paper mill which is self-contained as regards its fibre; i.e. a pulp mill which produces pulp exclusively for the on-site paper mill, and/or a paper mill which sources all its fibre from the on-site pulp mill. A "partially integrated pulp mill" is a pulp mill which produces more pulp than is required by the on-site paper mill, selling the surplus on the market. Likewise, a "partially integrated paper mill" is a paper mill whose pulp requirements are only partly met by the on-site pulp mill. The deficit is purchased on the market.

IMF International Monetary Fund. Established in 1946, the IMF is an international organization of 183 member countries. It was established to promote international monetary co-operation, exchange rate stability, economic growth and to provide countries with temporary financial assistance to help ease balance of payments adjustments. Link to IMF web site: http://www.imf.org

Ivory board A high quality board used in applications such as business cards etc.

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JPA Japan Paper Association

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Kaolin A fine clay used in the coating of paper and board. Also known as China clay

Kraft paper Paper made from kraft pulp, bleached or unbleached. It is a strong paper used principally for wrapping or packaging.

Kraft pulp The Kraft process is the world's predominant chemical pulping process. The name is derived from the German word for "strong". The method involves cooking (digesting) wood chips in an alkaline solution for several hours during which time the chemicals attack the lignin in the wood. The dissolved lignin is later removed leaving behind the cellulose fibres. Unbleached kraft pulp is dark brown in colour, so before it can be used in many papermaking applications it must undergo a series of bleaching processes.

KPMA Korea Paper Manufacturers Association

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Label paper A wide variety of papers designed to be gummed, or to which self adhesive materials are applied.

LWC Lightweight coated, a grade of mechanical printing paper - usually weighing less than 60 gsm, used chiefly as a publication paper where surface quality and weight are important.

Lignin One of the three main constituents of wood, along with cellulose and hemi-cellulose. Lignin acts as the cementing agent in wood, binding the cellulose fibres together. See also Cellulose .

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MG Machine glazed. Paper which has a been given a glossy surface by drying the paper with a heated and highly polished cylinder in the drying section of the machine.

Market pulp Pulp which is sold on the open market. For statistical purposes, all pulp which crosses an international border is defined as market pulp, even if it is being transferred between mills belonging to a single company.

Mechanical pulp A generic term describing pulps produced by a mechanical (as opposed to a chemical) process. Also known as "high-yield" pulp as the processes utilize a higher proportion of the wood raw material than do the chemical processes. The mechanical processes include groundwood, refiner mechanical, thermo mechanical and chemi-thermomechanical. Mechanical pulps are used principally in the production of newsprint and in publication grades of printing and writing paper.

Mechanical paper Grades of printing and writing paper which contain a proportion of mechanical pulp. For statistical purposes printing and writing paper which contains more than 10% of mechanical pulp is categorised as a mechanical grade. If the proportion of mechanical pulp is less than 10% the paper is categorised as woodfree. Mechanical grades of paper may be coated (e.g. LWC) or super-calendered (SC)

MTH Mixed tropical hardwood (kraft) pulp. (Currently produced exclusively in Indonesia.)

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Newsprint Paper made for the purpose of printing newspapers. Varieties of newsprint are also used for directories - when it is described as directory paper - and for some magazines and comics. In parts of Asia newsprint also finds an end-use in school exercise books. The furnish of newsprint is mainly mechanical pulp and/or recycled fibre.

NBHK See NMHW

NBSK Northern bleached softwood kraft pulp, the industry's benchmark grade of pulp. (Market NBSK is produced mainly in Canada and the Nordic countries. Some NBSK is also produced in north-western USA and in Russia.

NCR paper See Carbonless paper

NMHW Northern mixed hardwood (kraft) pulp. Sometimes known as NBHK, northern bleached hardwood kraft

Non-integrated mill A pulp mill without an on-site paper mill, or a paper mill without an on-site pulp mill. A non-integrated pulp mill will sell on the market all the pulp it produces. A non-integrated paper mill will purchase on the market all the pulp it requires.

Norscan A term describing the group of five countries which have historically been the world's principal producers of market pulp, namely Canada, the United States and the three Nordic countries (Sweden, Finland and Norway). In 1999, these five countries accounted for about 62% of world market pulp capacity, a proportion which has declined from 70% in 1990.

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OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has been called a think tank, monitoring agency, rich man's club, an unacademic university. It provides governments a setting in which to discuss, develop and perfect economic and social policy. The thirty member countries of the OECD are: Australia, Canada, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Korea, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Turkey, Austria, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Portugal, Switzerland, UK, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Slovak Republic, Sweden, USA. Link to OECD web site: http://www.oecd.org

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Paperboard A term sometimes used to describe lightweight board, or a heavy weight paper

PPC Plain paper copy paper. See Copier paper

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Radiata A grade of softwood pulp produced (from radiata pine) mainly in Chile and New Zealand

Ream Defined as 500 sheets of paper of the same size, quality and grammage.

Recycled fibre Fibre derived from wastepaper which has been recycled. See also deinked pulp

Recycled paper Paper which has been made partly or wholly from recycled fibre

Refiner mechanical pulp A mechanical pulping process which involves feeding woodchips between two rotating wheels (the refiner).

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SC Supercalendered. A grade of mechanical printing paper of which the surface has been polished by passing it through a stack of supercalenders (rollers). The paper is mainly used for printing magazines and other publications. It is a cheaper alternative to LWC

Seasonal adjustment A statistical technique for removing seasonal fluctuations from a data series. For example, in the case of market pulp, monthly shipments are usually at their lowest during the third quarter of the year and at their highest during the fourth quarter. By adjusting the data for this predictable seasonal fluctuation, the underlying trend can be more easily seen.

Semi-chemical pulp Pulp produced in a two-stage process which involves the partial digestion of the wood with chemicals, followed by mechanical separation of the fibres in a disc refiner. As such it is a half-way stage between mechanical and chemical pulp. Semi-chemical pulp is used in niche applications, especially those which require fibre stiffness, e.g. in corrugating medium.

SMHW Southern mixed hardwood (kraft) pulp (produced exclusively in the southern United States.)

Southern pine A grade of softwood pulp produced exclusively in the United States

Straw pulp Pulp produced from cereal straw

Sulphate pulp See Kraft pulp

Sulphite pulp A chemical pulping process which involves cooking wood chips in a liquor containing sulphur dioxide, and calcium, magnesium, sodium or ammonium sulphite. It was the predominant chemical pulping process until overtaken by the kraft process in the 1930s. It now accounts for under 5% of the market. Although it produces a brighter pulp, with a higher yield, than kraft pulp, it is not as versatile as the kraft process, and the recovery of chemicals used in the sulphite process is more difficult.

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Thermal paper A special grade of paper used in, for example, a thermal fax machine. The base paper is treated with heat sensitive chemicals and pigments which when they come into contact with a thermal printing head allow an image to be created on the paper.

Thermo mechanical pulp A mechanical pulping process in which woodchips are softened by steam before passing through a mechanical refiner. Softening the pulp before refining reduces the damage to individual fibres, but the energy requirement is much higher than with the groundwood or refiner process. See also chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP).

TCF Totally chlorine free. Pulp bleached without the use of any chlorine or chlorinated chemical compounds. See also ECF.

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UKP Unbleached kraft pulp

UWC Uncoated wood-containing (i.e. mechanical) printing and writing paper, for example super-calendered (SC) paper

UWF Uncoated woodfree printing and writing paper

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Web The continuous piece of paper formed as it passes through the paper machine before being eventually wound onto a reel. The term web printing or printing on the web describes the process of printing from a reel of paper as opposed to individual sheets of paper.

Woodfree paper A printing and writing paper which contains little or no mechanical woodpulp. For statistical purposes any paper which contains less than 10% mechanical pulp is categorised as woodfree. If the proportion is greater than 10% it is categorised as mechanical paper. Woodfree paper may be coated (CWF) or uncoated (UWF). Woodfree paper is sometimes known as "fine paper". In the United States woodfree paper is known as "free sheet"

World Bank Founded in 1944, the World Bank Group consists of five closely associated institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); International Development Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC); Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA); and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). It is the world's largest source of development finance, lending (in 2000) approximately $15.3 billion to its client countries. Link to World Bank web site: http://www.worldbank.org

WTO World Trade Organisation The WTO is an international organisation of 140 member countries (as at November 2000) dealing with the rules of trade between nations. It is the successor organisation to the GATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). Its functions include administering WTO trade agreements, providing a forum for trade negotiations, handling trade disputes etc. Link to WTO web site: http://www.wto.org

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